As a naturalist, most of us understand the importance of dynamics of the ecosystems in which everyone from the blade of grass to huge trees, small ant to large predator, butterfly to birds, is holding the delicate fabric of interdependence for survival. The ecosystems work as closed system where all elements go from one life form to other and keeps of repeating the cycles. As a human being our existence is grace of all those living beings. Every molecule of oxygen we inhale is a free gift from the large surviving forests. They also maintain essential water sources required to keep ourselves alive. In a fact these large forests are kept in good health by large amount of lesser fauna i.e. amphibians, reptiles, insects, birds, bees etc. which are real dwellers, service providers and backbone of forests. They though being the essential elements are often neglected.
My recent trip to Amboli ghats, with aim to explore its wonderful forest floor to meet and learn about its real treasures ended in a mind blowing sightings and wholesome experience, thanks to Nature India's best efforts by captains Adesh Shivkar and Mandar Khadilkar. Special thanks to Dr. Varad Giri from BNHS who taught us the basics about Amphibians and reptiles, how to observe them in field, how to identify them, appreciate and develop respect for them and their habitats.
Our trip started from Kolhapur, on 26th July morning, After traveling from Mumbai we boarded the hired vehicle to proceed to Amboli ghats. On the way to Amboli, we halted at a small plateau which was full of ground orchid, Habenaria longicorniculata (शेपूट हबे आमरी ).
Habenaria longicorniculata (शेपूट हबे आमरी )
Habenaria longicorniculata (शेपूट हबे आमरी )
In Amboli we stayed at Whistling Woods Resort run by Mr. Heman Ogale, who is a gem of personality, with a very warm, humble attitude. He is well known naturalists with commendable knowledge of butterflies, reptiles, amphibians. He is the best person to be contacted to learn about Amboli and its forests.
In our first trail nearby the resort, we came across a big caterpillar of Golden emperor moth.
Caterpillar of Golden emperor moth
We further went to a small open area with big rocks. The small puddles
on the rock surfaces is the starting point of life-cycle of Indirana sp.
frogs. (??) Tiny eggs are deposited in those puddles and the tadpoles move
on rock surface and feed on plant subtracts available on surface.
Tadpol of Indirana sp. frog
Caterpillar (ID not known)
After a meal and rest, we had gathering to listen to Dr. Varad Giri talking about the Amphibians and his most dear subject of Ceacilians. Amphibians are the animals which spend part of their life-cycle in water and land. These are cold blooded vertebrates that can spend their life on land. The breathing is either through moist skin or lungs. Amphibians are seen mostly near the water bodies, streams, moist places. Generally the adults lay large number eggs without shells, in or near water, the larvae/tadpols emerged from eggs, undergo metamorphosis, a process where body structure changes and organs are developed to adapt the life on land.
The first group/order in Amphibians is known as "Gymnophonia" means naked & snake like, or also as "Apoda", i.e without legs. These are almost blind, legless, burrowing amphibians and resemble to worm/snake. These either have a very short tail or no tail in adults. Body structure is groovy. Ceacilians belong to this order. Ceacilians are different than earthworm in a respect that they have bone structure in body and do not show elongation or contraction of body during movement. The ceacilians have distinct head. Presence of tentacles between eye and nostril is unique feature of ceacilians.
Second group/order of Amphibians is known as "Caudata" in which adults have tail and two pairs of equal limbs. Absence of scales on body differentiate them from lizards. Salamander are from this group. Salamanders have slender lizard like body, have long tail, moist and smooth skin. Only salamander found in India is Himalayn newt.
Third and Largest group is known as "Anura" meaning 'without tail'. Frogs and toads are part of this group. These have stout body, protruding eyes, limbs folded underneath and have no tail. These are found in water, land, trees and some are burrowing. Toads have dry skin and warts. Frogs have slimy moist skin. The frogs which can swim in water have webbed feet, example-wrinkled frog. Frogs that can climb trees and rocks have dilated toe tips, example-tree frogs. Malabar gliding frog has developed flat body and skin webs to have maximum surface area while gliding from treetop to downward.
Frogs, toads provide their important contribution in maintaining ecosystems by preying on insects and pests, and act as prey base for larger frogs, lizards, snakes, mammals. Global warming, ground water pollution, habitat destruction has threatened the existence of large number of species throughout the world. Loosing amphibians isn't good sign of change and conservation is alarmingly requires attention.
Forest Calotes
Narrow mouthed frog (Ramanella sp.)
Malabar Gliding frog (Rhacophorus Malabaricus )
We can observe the flattened body, dilated finger tips, flashy webbing between fingers for Malabar gliding frog, all features necessary for their life on trees and movement.
Malabar Gliding frog (Rhacophorus Malabaricus )
Malabar Gliding frog (Rhacophorus Malabaricus )
Dwarf Geko - communal nesting behaviour
We could observe the communal nesting of Dwarf Geko, in the crevices where the geko lays 2-3 eggs which stick to the surface. Various females visit the nesting place to put the eggs together. This perhaps increases their breeding success.
Dwarf Geko
Eggs of Wrinkled frog
Above photograph shows the clutch of eggs of wrinkled frog placed on tree trunk, just above the fast flowing water stream. As explained by Dr. Varad Giri, the tadpols directly fall into streams and are spread downstream. As the eggs are without shell we can see the tadpols inside eggs being developed.
Malaxis Versocolor Orchid
Adesh showed us a beautiful terrestrial orchid "Malaxis Versicolor", which has very tiny cute flowers.
Next day, we started for bigger trail in search of Ceacilians. We were asked to look under rocks and leaf litters. I could find one spider under a stone.
Wolf spider female
To our luck, first ceacilian sighting under the leaf litter and it was identified as Amboli ceacilian, Gegneophis Danielli. Following photograph gives some identification features of the ceacilian.
The Amboli Ceacilian (Gegneophis Danielli) and its identification features
Head close-up of Gegneophis Danielli
Under another rock we found a beautiful geko which appears to be not described to science yet.
Hemidactylus (Geko) exact description not available yet.
And FINALLY, the beauty, burrowing gem, Ichtyophis Davidii was found. It has the yellow stripe running from jaw to tail, only breaking near neck. Number of closely placed grooves and a tail can be observed .
Chorla giant striped caecilian (Ichtyophis Davidii)
Identification features of Chorla giant striped ceacilian
Some of the exciting sightings included Bedome's Keelback snake, another ceacilian specimen, wine snake, orange crab.
Green vine snake
Orange crab
Amboli toad
Amboli toad
Probably Gegneophis Danielli juvenile
Malabar Pit Viper - Adult
Malabar pit viper
Adesh spotted this Malabar pit viper coiled on a branch of tree at higher elevation. We could photograph it without disturbing its position.
Malabar Pit Viper - Adult
Malabar pit viper
Tadpol of Indirana sp.
camouflage of tadpols
Baby Malabar pit viper resting after meal
After dinner we again set out to the field to find the wrinkled frogs along the water streams. This frog has a call like a bird in distress. We could hear the faint calls of the frog. Also saw a Indirana sp. frog following a female for mating.
After long search Adesh could spot the wrinkled grog in the stream. This frog breeds above the streams and has body features well developed for that habitat. Hind legs have webbed feets, the finger tips are dilated to gain grip on the surfaces, the nostrils and eyes are placed on top so that body can remain submerged in water and eyes remain above the water surface. All these features we tried to capture, you can observe them in following photographs.
Wrinkled Frog (Nictibatrachus sp.)
Wrinkled Frog (Nictibatrachus sp.)
Wrinkled Frog (Nictibatrachus sp.)
In the open grassland area number frogs were calling and a Fejervarya sp. frog we could observe and photograph while calling by inflating its vocal sacks.
Fejervarya calling
Malabar Pit Viper, baby or juvenile.
We were so engrossed in looking out for frogs, we didn't knew it was past midnight and we came across this sight of pair of Malabar gliding frog in mating position. They were sitting at eye level branch, a rare photographic opportunity. We took caution to leave them immediately after taking couple of record shots.
Malabar Gliding Frog - mating ritual
Next day, Hemant informed us about a Bamboo pit viper which he had rescued from the village. We are thankful to him for providing the opportunity to photograph it before its release.
Bamboo pit viper
Bamboo pit viper
Bamboo pit viper
The trip ended there with this beautiful snake and we were little sad to leave the amboli ambience. The total experience has been extremely rich, I feel lucky to be able to listen experts, passionate naturalists presenting the world of amphibians and reptiles through their experiences and being lucky to sight beautiful species including the rare ceacilians in actual field, being lucky to experience of aura of evergreen jungle, the mystical curtains of fog, and being lucky to have company of all sincere individuals of the group and collective efforts to understand the life of the real dwellers of forest floor of Amboli.
I personally have derived immense inspiration to learn more about the lesser known fauna, and take this opportunity to share with all with a request to be aware and make aware who ever we meet, esp. next generation about the picture of meticulously designed cascade of species on the earth and importance of its each element.
Thank you,
Your comments and critic are all welcome.
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Equipments used for Photography : Nikon D200 SLR, Tamron 90 mm Macro lens.
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